The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands
was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically
synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the
herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences
between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions;
however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than
others.
was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically
synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the
herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences
between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions;
however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than
others.
The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay increasingly smarter
catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that
aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the
next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused,
active fixation. The range through these states is mediated the arousal
system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating
centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous
levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased.
catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that
aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the
next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused,
active fixation. The range through these states is mediated the arousal
system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating
centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous
levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased.
The organism is more awake,
more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever
more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its
surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its
direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain
stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins
concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of
intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched
information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness
links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with
perceived ends and purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together
marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores
and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or
chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the
production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the
effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is
ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the
animal does experience something like it
more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever
more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its
surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its
direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain
stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins
concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of
intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched
information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness
links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with
perceived ends and purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together
marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores
and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or
chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the
production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the
effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is
ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the
animal does experience something like it
. -The predator is searchingly
aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal
hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than,
say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past
events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a
relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold
trails and distant sounds—and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The
herbivore pray is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than
searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are
silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal
hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than,
say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past
events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a
relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold
trails and distant sounds—and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The
herbivore pray is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than
searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are
silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
1. In the above given passage, why the author has primarily referred to a hungry
lizard?
lizard?
1. So as to demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals
and those of nonmammals
2. To broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as
an example
3. To make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
4. ToTo provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of
predators . 5. None of the above.
and those of nonmammals
2. To broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as
an example
3. To make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
4. ToTo provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of
predators . 5. None of the above.
2. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals
resulted primarily from which of the following?
resulted primarily from which of the following?
1. Interplay of predator and prey
2. Persistence of free-floating awareness in animals of the grasslands
3. Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptiles
4. Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species
5. None of the above
2. Persistence of free-floating awareness in animals of the grasslands
3. Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptiles
4. Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species
5. None of the above
3. As per the passage, which of the following options explains the process that doesn’t
occur when the process of arousal in an organism continues?
occur when the process of arousal in an organism continues?
1. the production of adrenaline
2. the production of norepinephrine
3. a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli
4. an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
5. None of these
2. the production of norepinephrine
3. a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli
4. an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
5. None of these
4. As per the information given in the passage, out of the following which option
correctly describes the primary concern of the author?
correctly describes the primary concern of the author?
1. disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores
2. describing a relationship between animals’ intelligence and their ecological roles
3. establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern
counterparts
4. analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other
carnivores
5. None of these
2. describing a relationship between animals’ intelligence and their ecological roles
3. establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern
counterparts
4. analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other
carnivores
5. None of these
5. As per the information given in the passage how arousal stimulated production of
adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, does affect the herbivores and
carnivores differently?
adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, does affect the herbivores and
carnivores differently?
1. the effect in both the herbivores and the carnivores is primarily aggression
2. the effect in herbivores is primarily aggression, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily fear
3. the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily
aggression
4. the effect in herbivores is primarily apologetic, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily conciliatory
5. None of these
2. the effect in herbivores is primarily aggression, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily fear
3. the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily
aggression
4. the effect in herbivores is primarily apologetic, whereas in carnivores the effect is
primarily conciliatory
5. None of these
6. How the increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals in
the organisms?
1. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of more delicate and difficult
signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.
2. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of more delicate and difficult
signals as the organism becomes more insensitive to its surroundings.
3. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of less delicate and easy signals as the organism becomes less sensitive to its surroundings.
4. Both (a) and (b)
5. None of these
the organisms?
1. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of more delicate and difficult
signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.
2. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of more delicate and difficult
signals as the organism becomes more insensitive to its surroundings.
3. The increased vigilance results in the understanding of less delicate and easy signals as the organism becomes less sensitive to its surroundings.
4. Both (a) and (b)
5. None of these
7. Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Interplay
1. Irresolute
2. Reciprocity
3. Indecisive
4. Increase
5. Intensify
2. Reciprocity
3. Indecisive
4. Increase
5. Intensify
8. Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Mediated
1. Counterfeited
2. Fictitious
3. Arbitrated
4. Abated
5. Illusory
2. Fictitious
3. Arbitrated
4. Abated
5. Illusory
9. Choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Prey
1. Quarry
2. Confound
3. Baffle
4. Predator
5. Dupe
2. Confound
3. Baffle
4. Predator
5. Dupe
10. Choose the word which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Instinctive
1. Conscious
2. Conspicuous
3. Flagrant
4. Brazen
5. Strident
2. Conspicuous
3. Flagrant
4. Brazen
5. Strident
It is very useful,
ReplyDeleteCan u please send me the answers for these questions