OET4U

2. When we consider modern measles prevention, it is worth recalling what epidemics were like before vaccines and organized public health systems. One vivid account of measles describes the disease’s deadly spread through a prominent Boston household more than 300 years ago. In 1713, America’s first important medical figure, Puritan minister Cotton Mather (1663–1728), called by one authority “the Dr. Spock of the colonial New England,” wrote about a measles epidemic in the American colonies, describing not only its epidemiology and devastation but also the fear it elicited. Mather’s account reminds us of the need for such modern medical and public health tools as vaccination, patient isolation, and prevention policies in saving families from the once unpreventable diseases that compelled us to develop effective medical advances in the first place. Q2.The text says that to prevent a communicable disease; A) Advanced medical techniques are not effective alone. B) Organized pub...

1 Until the 1930s, the lack of professional opportunities for young women created a ready supply of ‘probationer’ or ‘student’ nurses. These poorly paid workers carried out most of the nursing work in hospitals and nursing homes under the supervision of a very small qualified workforce. The few who ‘stuck at it’ and eventually qualified often struggled to find employment as registered nurses as few positions existed, given that the nurses in training did most of the work; and at a very cheap price. This situation changed rapidly with the advent of the Second World War and the broadening of work options for women that flowed from it. Most countries responded by creating a second tier of nursing training (the assistant nurse, the enrolled nurse or the nurses’ aide.) Many leaders envisioned a large workforce of ‘pupil nurses’ or trainee nurse’s aides; a smaller workforce of student nurses; an even smaller group of second level nurses; and a leadership group of professional or regi...

Rates of readmission for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have been reported at 29% - 47% within three to six months (Rich et al 1995). One study reported an unplanned readmission rate of 20% within 28 days for this patient population (Lowe et al 1998). Factors such as poor understanding or poor compliance with diet, lifestyle recommendations, and medication regimens are often reported as reasons contributing to readmission. Trials in the US that have utilized interventions that address these issues have demonstrated significant improvements in readmission rates. These interventions have included a multidisciplinary proactive approach that provided structured follow-up and monitoring. This included nurse home visits, telephone follow-up, an intensive education program promoting patient self-management skills development and support service. Further to this, these studies have demonstrated reduced emergency department presentations, improved quality of life, reduced cos...

·           1. According to the speaker why immunological studies are important? A) Because the body needs protection from infections, toxins, and allergens B) Over 50 million Americans are affected by immunological problems C) It is complementary to general health. 2. Eating wholesome and real foods referring to; A) Behavioral changes B) Eliminating the negatives C) Your health on your plate. 3. By reading speakers monograms and twitter we can know about? A) The relation between old age and immune system. B) About Graves Disease C) About chronic stress and PTSD. 4. Currently, the speaker has engaged in research about; A) Genetic changes influences B) Stress-free environment C) Meditation 5. The speaker’s perception of sleep hygiene is to sleep for: A) 6-7 hours a day. B) Up to 6 hours a day C) More than 7 hours a day 6. Regarding vitamin and nutritional supplements speaker’s view is th...

Electronic cigarettes, also known as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), were introduced over a decade ago and since 2010 the inhalation of e-cigarette vapor or ‘vaping’ has risen exponentially in both smokers and ex-smokers. There is a significant body of published material on ENDS/e-cigarettes and despite varying opinions, their main effects remain controversial. They may be a useful tool for reducing traditional cigarette smoking but for many, they are simply a replacement nicotine delivery method. As such they may precipitate a new public health problem. The public perception is that they are less of a health hazard than conventional cigarette smoking, yet the long-term effects of e-cigarettes remain to be elucidated. E-cigarettes have developed significantly in the last decade, increasing in complexity and capacity. They are now considered to be in the fourth generation, comprising highly modifiable devices capable of modulating the energy input used to generate va...

How is Australia responding to the trends in pharmaceutical opioid utilization and opioid harms? In the past 20 years, there have been substantial increases in the use of pharmaceutical opioids in many countries including Australia, which has one of the highest levels of opioid utilization globally. Almost 15 million opioid prescriptions were dispensed in 2015 and our use of high potency opioids has also increased. One of the main drivers is the higher use of prescription opioids for chronic non ‐ cancer pain (CNCP). In parallel to escalating use, opioid ‐ related harms have also increased. Since 2000, there has been a shift in hospitalizations due to opioid poisonings and opioid ‐ related deaths from predominantly heroin to pharmaceutical opioids. Extra medical use — defined as any use of a medication outside the formal medical system or inconsistent with a doctor's prescription — is also relatively common; the most recent household survey indicates that “non...

1. Oxycodone is the trade name of which among the following drugs?  A)Percocet  B)Vicodin  C)Morphine 2 . How Opioids works? A)They stop pain signals from the site B)Inhibit pain signals from Brain. C)Reduce Response of pain signals in the Brain. 3 . The important aspect of fibromyalgia treatment is? A)Prescribing medications like Tramadol. B)Aerobic exercises C)Psychological and Physiological support. 4 . How aqua therapy helps in Osteoarthritis? A) To decrease complications. B) losing weight. C) decrease pressure 5 . In cold temperature  A)pain will increase. B)will not change. C)diminish diffuse pains 6 . The effective way to treat chronic pain is A) To give pain medications. B) Psychological support. C) Interdisciplinary approach. 7 .In postoperative scenario A) Cymbalta is effective. B) General anesthesia is effective. C)Nerve blocks are non-effective 8 . A combination like Va...

READ QUESTION AND UNDERLINE THE KEYWORDS 4. The paragraph is supporting A)  Open colon resection B)  Laparoscopic colectomy C)  Neither both . READ THE PARAGRAPH UNDERLINE THE CORRESPONDING KEYWORDS Laparoscopic colectomy  was first reported in 1991.  The procedure , however, has not been widely accepted because  it   was regarded as a complicated procedure with a steep learning curve. Initial concerns on the radicality of the resection and the oncologic outcomes as well as the early reports on  the high incidence of wound recurrence limited the wide  application of   laparoscopic colectomy   for malignancy.  However ,  favorable postoperative results in terms of less pain, less consumption of analgesia, early return of bowel function, and shorter hospital stay in patients who underwent  laparoscopic colorectal surgery  have been persistently reported, both in series with benig...

Laparoscopic colectomy was first reported in 1991. The procedure, however, has not been widely accepted because it was regarded as a complicated procedure with a steep learning curve. Initial concerns on the radicality of the resection and the oncologic outcomes as well as the early reports on the high incidence of wound recurrence limited the wide application of laparoscopic colectomy for malignancy. However, favorable postoperative results in terms of less pain, less consumption of analgesia, early return of bowel function, and shorter hospital stay in patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery have been persistently reported, both in series with benign and malignant colorectal diseases. Recently published randomized trials comparing laparoscopic and open colon resection did not show inferior oncologic results in patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery. There are only few reports on a comparison of a large number of patients with open and laparoscop...

OET READING PART B 1 Patients undergoing lung resection are jeopardized by relevant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Acute respiratory failure is the most common life-threatening complication after thoracic surgery. Supplemental oxygen is often needed to improve arterial oxygenation in the postoperative period: despite it is effective in treating most cases of hypoxemia, patients with low ventilation-perfusion ratio may be only partially responsive to an increase in oxygen concentration. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been proposed to prevent/treat respiratory failure after lung resection but its routine use in clinical practice requires personnel expertise and technological resources that may not be available in all post-anesthesia care units and surgical wards. In addition, in the early postoperative period, delivery of positive pressure in the airways and eventual patient-ventilator asynchronies during assisted ventilation may pose a risk to the tightness of bronchia...

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In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer diagnosed among adults and the second leading cause of death from cancer. For this guideline update, the American Cancer Society (ACS) used an existing systematic evidence review of the CRC screening literature and microsimulation modeling analyses, including a new evaluation of the age to begin screening by race and sex and additional modeling that incorporates changes in US CRC incidence. Screening with any one of multiple options is associated with a significant reduction in CRC incidence through the detection and removal of adenomatous polyps and other precancerous lesions and with a reduction in mortality through incidence reduction and early detection of CRC. Results from modeling analyses identified efficient and model ‐ recommendable strategies that started screening at age 45 years. The ACS Guideline Development Group applied the Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evalua...

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