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Go to: INTRODUCTION Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a common therapeutic technique for treating medically refractory neuropathic back and other limb pain syndromes. The common technique used historically for placing SCS leads required direct interaction with the patient, combining a sedative anesthetic technique and awakening the patient during the surgery. This approach required the patient to be alert enough to respond to sensations generated by the stimulation and directions from the surgical team. However, these responses have been demonstrated to be unreliable or misleading for several reasons: 1) the potential wide variety of pain responses of patients during changing levels of sedation, 2) the variable responses to anesthetics, 3) the variable array of pain distributions, 4) the often inadequate ability of the patient to differentiate their pain syndrome from the effects of surgery or the feeling of the stimulation at the time of testing, 5) positional changes due to s...

Breast feeding is the first and most important feeding exposure, and it facilitates the establishment of the microbiome of the infant gut by providing breast milk microbiota, immunomodulatory factors, and oligosaccharides. 1  While there is insufficient evidence to state that breast feeding prevents allergies, 2  it seems to prevent a range of other diseases and is universally encouraged. 3  Guidelines advocate exclusive breast feeding for four to six months (with WHO recommending six months) and complementary feeding for at least one to two years. Breast milk substitutes are used on cessation of established breast feeding or earlier if mothers cannot breast feed. The quality of these substitutes, and their ability to play a role in optimal health and disease prevention, are of intense interest, both to the public and also to commercial entities keen to produce an acceptable and safe alternative to breast milk. A linked systematic review by Boyle and colleagues (doi: ...

VOCABULARY 1.detriment- The state of being harmed or damaged. 2.conversely-in a way that is reverse or opposite of something 3.punitive - very severe and that people find very difficult to pay. 4 emerge - to come out of a dark 5.desist- stop doing something 6.hawks- try to sell something